Open Access
Original Article

Study of the Wear & Tear Behavior of Resin-based Composites Reinforced with Al2O3 Ultrafine nanoparticles and Metal Wires applying DOE Techniques

Radius: Journal of Science and Technology

View PDF

Volume 3, Issue 1, Article Number: 261001 (2026)

Home >> Radius >> Volume 3, Issue 1

Sunita Kumari1 | Haris Arquam2,* ORCID logo | Raja Kumar2 | Jaidev Kumbhakar3 | Ajit Bahadur Verma2

1Department of Physics, Govt. Shakambhar P. G. College, Sambhar–Lake, Jaipur – 303604, Rajasthan (India)

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arya College of Engineering, Jaipur – 302028, Rajasthan (India)

3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge Institute of Polytechnic, Ranchi – 835103, Jharkhand (India)

*Corresponding Author: harisarquam@aryacollegejpr.com

Received: 18 January 2026 | Revised: 07 March 2026

Accepted: 12 March 2026 | Published Online: 30 March 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19260652

© 2026 The Authors, under a Creative Commons license, Published by Scholarly Publication

Abstract

The scientists investigate the mechanical characteristics of an epoxy-based biodegradable composite material reinforced with Al2O3 ultrafine particles and metal wires, and uses design of experiments (DOE) and simulation techniques to optimize its attributes. The Al2O3 nano powder was characterized by SEM and used in weight percentage of 0-5% to create composites with 50-100 nm nanoparticles. ANN models were trained on the resulting data to estimate the tensile strength and moisture absorbing behavior of the composite under different conditions, with mean absolute errors of 5% and 10% for the training and test sets respectively. The data demonstrate the effectiveness of computational learning in predicting the material properties of natural/jute composite materials and optimizing their design. Overall, this research paper provides valuable observation into the use of Al2O3 ultrafine nanoparticles and metal wire reinforcement for enhancing the overall material properties of biodegradable epoxy-based composites.

Keywords

Material Properties, Resin, Ultrafine Nano Particle, Simulation, ANN, Error analysis

References

  1. Li, C., Fei, J., Zhang, T., Zhao, S., & Qi, L. (2023). Relationship between surface characteristics and properties of fiber-reinforced resin-based composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 249, 110422.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Xia, Y., Zhang, F., Xie, H., & Gu, N. (2008). Nanoparticle-reinforced resin-based dental composites. Journal of dentistry, 36, 450-455.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Ilie, N. (2021). Microstructural dependence of mechanical properties and their relationship in modern resin-based composite materials. Journal of dentistry, 114, 103829.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Jandt, K. D., & Sigusch, B. W. (2009). Future perspectives of resin-based dental materials. Dental Materials, 25, 1001-1006.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Kahler, B., Kotousov, A., & Swain, M. V. (2008). On the design of dental resin-based composites: a micromechanical approach. Acta biomaterialia, 4, 165-172.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Rafique, I., Kausar, A., & Muhammad, B. (2016). Epoxy resin composite reinforced with carbon fiber and inorganic filler: Overview on preparation and properties. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 55, 1653-1672.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Zhao, X., Zhang, Z., Pang, J., & Su, L. (2023). Preparation of carbon fibre-reinforced composite panels from epoxy resin matrix of nano lignin polyol particles. Journal of Cleaner Production, 428, 139170.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Keulemans, F., Palav, P., Aboushelib, M. M., van Dalen, A., Kleverlaan, C. J., & Feilzer, A. J. (2009). Fracture strength and fatigue resistance of dental resin-based composites. Dental Materials, 25, 1433-1441.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Curtis, A. R., Shortall, A. C., Marquis, P. M., & Palin, W. M. (2008). Water uptake and strength characteristics of a nanofilled resin-based composite. Journal of dentistry, 36, 186-193.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Li, X., Pongprueksa, P., Van Meerbeek, B., & De Munck, J. (2015). Curing profile of bulk-fill resin-based composites. Journal of dentistry, 43, 664-672.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Li, Z., Wei, X., Gao, Z., Xu, J., Ma, P., & Wang, M. (2020). Manufacturing and mechanical characterisation of polyurethane resin based sandwich composites for three-dimensional fabric reinforcement. Materials today communications, 24, 101046.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Ahmadijokani, F., Alaei, Y., Shojaei, A., Arjmand, M., & Yan, N. (2019). Frictional behavior of resin-based brake composites: Effect of carbon fibre reinforcement. Wear, 420, 108-115.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Khaled, S. M. Z., Miron, R. J., Hamilton, D. W., Charpentier, P. A., & Rizkalla, A. S. (2010). Reinforcement of resin based cement with titania nanotubes. Dental Materials, 26, 169-178.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Li, X., Zhao, X., & Liu, Y. (2025). A resin-based perforated sound absorption composite reinforced with polyethylene geotextile: Research on UV resistance, aging resistance, chemical corrosion resistance, thermal stability and wear resistance. Composites Communications, 58, 102536.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Wang, R., Zhang, M., Liu, F., Bao, S., Wu, T., Jiang, X., Zhang, Q., & Zhu, M. (2015). Investigation on the physical–mechanical properties of dental resin composites reinforced with novel bimodal silica nanostructures. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 50, 266-273.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Babu, T. N., Singh, R., & Dogra, S. (2018). Wear characteristics of epoxy resin based composites reinforced with aloe fibers in combination with Al2O3/SiC. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5, 12649-12656.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Yi, G., & Yan, F. (2007). Mechanical and tribological properties of phenolic resin-based friction composites filled with several inorganic fillers. Wear, 262, 121-129.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Bandaru, A. K., Chouhan, H., Ma, H., Kothandan, D. K., & O’Higgins, R. M. (2026). Ballistic response of Elium® thermoplastic composites reinforced with high-performance fibres in monolithic and hybrid configurations. Composites Part B: Engineering, 309, 113030.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Cai, L., Xuan, L., Wu, X., & Ma, X. (2022). Synthesis of eugenol-functionalized polyhedral oligomer silsesquioxane for low-k bismaleimide resin combined with excellent mechanical and thermal properties as well as its composite reinforced by silicon fiber. Chemical Engineering Journal, 439, 135740.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Kerche, E. F., da Silva, V. D., Fonseca, E., Salles, N. A., Schrekker, H. S., & Amico, S. C. (2021). Epoxy-based composites reinforced with imidazolium ionic liquid-treated aramid pulp. Polymer, 226, 123787.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Hahnel, S., Dowling, A. H., El-Safty, S., & Fleming, G. J. (2012). The influence of monomeric resin and filler characteristics on the performance of experimental resin-based composites (RBCs) derived from a commercial formulation. Dental Materials, 28, 416-423.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Sekkat, H., Khallouqi, A., & Halimi, A. (2026). Characterization of lead-free epoxy resin composites reinforced with high-density fillers for X-Ray shielding applications. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 240, 113414.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Wu, M., Chen, C., Peng, A., Zeng, Z., Zhang, Z., Liu, X., & Huang, Y. (2025). Self-catalyzed bio-benzoxazines containing phthalonitrile with high thermal stability and intrinsic flame retardancy as well as its composite reinforced by aramid fiber. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 242, 111705.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Yang, G., OuYang, Q., Ye, J., & Liu, L. (2022). Improved tensile and single-lap-shear mechanical-electrical response of epoxy composites reinforced with gridded nano-carbons. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 152, 106712.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Xia, J., Li, J., Zhang, G., Zeng, X., Niu, F., Yang, H., Sun, R., & Wong, C. (2016). Highly mechanical strength and thermally conductive bismaleimide–triazine composites reinforced by Al2O3@polyimide hybrid fiber. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 80, 21-27.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Li, W., Huang, W., Kang, Y., Gong, Y., Ying, Y., Yu, J., Zheng J., Qiao L., & Che, S. (2019). Fabrication and investigations of G-POSS/cyanate ester resin composites reinforced by silane-treated silica fibers. Composites Science and Technology, 173, 7-14.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Borges, A. L., Münchow, E. A., de Oliveira Souza, A. C., Yoshida, T., Vallittu, P. K., & Bottino, M. C. (2015). Effect of random/aligned nylon-6/MWCNT fibers on dental resin composite reinforcement. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 48, 134-144.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Kaushik, V., Suresh, K., & Adusumalli, R. (2025). Structure–property relationships in 3D-printed onyx-based composites reinforced with continuous fibers: Role of temperature and fiber orientation. Composites Part C: Open Access, 18, 100649.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Biswas, B., Bandyopadhyay, N. R., & Sinha, A. (2019). Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin-based composites. In Unsaturated polyester resins (pp. 407-434). Elsevier.

[View Chapter]    [Google Scholar]

  1. Yang, D. L., Sun, Q., Niu, H., Wang, R. L., Wang, D., & Wang, J. X. (2020). The properties of dental resin composites reinforced with silica colloidal nanoparticle clusters: Effects of heat treatment and filler composition. Composites Part B: Engineering, 186, 107791.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Feng, J., Safaei, B., Qin, Z., & Chu, F. (2023). Nature-inspired energy dissipation sandwich composites reinforced with high-friction graphene. Composites Science and Technology, 233, 109925.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Singh, A. P., Garg, P., Alam, F., Singh, K., Mathur, R. B., Tandon, R. P., Chandra, A., & Dhawan, S. K. (2012). Phenolic resin-based composite sheets filled with mixtures of reduced graphene oxide, γ-Fe2O3 and carbon fibers for excellent electromagnetic interference shielding in the X-band. Carbon, 50, 3868-3875.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Saba, N., & Jawaid, M. (2017). Epoxy resin based hybrid polymer composites. In Hybrid polymer composite materials, 2017, 57-82.

[View Chapter]    [Google Scholar]

  1. Yum, S. H., Kim, S. H., Lee, W. I., & Kim, H. (2015). Improvement of ablation resistance of phenolic composites reinforced with low concentrations of carbon nanotubes. Composites Science and Technology, 121, 16-24.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Tzeng, S. S., & Lin, Y. H. (2013). Formation of graphitic rods in carbon/carbon composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes. Carbon, 52, 617-620.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Adeniyi, A. G., Abdulkareem, S. A., Odimayomi, K. P., Emenike, E. C., & Iwuozor, K. O. (2022). Production of thermally cured polystyrene composite reinforced with aluminium powder and clay. Environmental Challenges, 9, 100608.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Liu, L., Ying, G., Wen, D., Zhang, K., Hu, C., Zheng, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, X., & Wang, C. (2021). Aqueous solution-processed MXene (Ti3C2Tx) for non-hydrophilic epoxy resin-based composites with enhanced mechanical and physical properties. Materials & Design, 197, 109276.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Shi, J. F., Li, N., Zhang, F., Zong, Z., Li, Z. Y., Wang, Y. Y., & Yan, D. X. (2024). Enhanced mechanical property, high-temperature oxidation and ablation resistance of carbon fiber/phenolic composites reinforced by attapulgite. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 187, 108469.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. da Silva, A. O., de Castro Monsores, K. G., Oliveira, S. D. S. A., Weber, R. P., & Monteiro, S. N. (2018). Ballistic behavior of a hybrid composite reinforced with curaua and aramid fabric subjected to ultraviolet radiation. Journal of materials research and technology, 7, 584-591.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

  1. Nakib, K. I. A., Rahman, R., Lithi, I. J., Oishi, M. S., Ali, M. F., Wara, A. K. M. K, Sarwaruddin, A. M., & Hossain, M. S. (2025). Fabrication of waste natural fiber reinforced epoxy resin-based composite and evaluation of diverse environmental interactions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 13, 120213.

[View Article]      [Google Scholar]

 

Cite This Article

S. Kumari, H. Arquam, R. Kumar, J. Kumbhakar, and A. B. Verma, “Study of the Wear & Tear Behavior of Resin-based Composites Reinforced with Al2O3 Ultrafine nanoparticles and Metal Wires applying DOE Technique,” Radius: Journal of Science and Technology 3(1) (2026) 261001. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19260652

Rights & Permission

This is an open access article published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) International License, which allows unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. No permission is needed to reuse this content under the terms of the license.
For uses not covered above, please contact the Scholarly Publication Rights Department.