Volume 2, Issue 2, July-December, 2025
A Comprehensive Review of Post-Quantum Cryptography Protocols for Secure Communications in Heterogeneous Network Environments
Open Access | Original Article | 02 December 2025 | Article Number: 252006
Abstract
The advent of quantum computing has precipitated an estimated attack resistant cryptography system necessitating quantum attacks. The classical asymmetric algorithms, i.e., RSA and ECC are susceptible to Shor algorithm and a transition should be made to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) anymore. The novelty of this work lies in providing a unified comparative framework that analyzes PQC families through security assumptions, concrete key/ciphertext sizes, and implementation complexity an aspect not addressed collectively in prior surveys. This survey gives a general picture of the status of the design process and general evaluation of PQC accounting its application within the paradigm of the diversified networks including the IoT and 5G/6G and in the cyber-physical environment. Furthermore, this review uniquely synthesizes practical hybrid deployment strategies, including protocol layering, coexistence models, and backward compatibility mechanisms, offering actionable guidance for real world migration. Additionally, the manuscript contributes a prioritized list of open problems across IoT, 5G/6G, blockchain, and cyber physical systems, highlighting domains facing the most urgent quantum resilience challenges. In this paper, the authors will evaluate the most popular PQC schemes, including schemes based on lattice, code, hash, and isogeny, depending on their performance, scalability, and interoperability (with reference to the recent research). It also examines the problems of integration as implemented with respect to the computational overhead, latency and adoption of hybrid with classical cryptography. This is expounded more to the standardization of PQC by NISTs and with a focus on such algorithms as CRYSTALS-Kyber and Dilithium. The findings suggest that, hybrid PQC protocols are able to control quantum resistance and actual performance in numerous infrastructures in computing systems. Read more
View PDFKnowledge of the Warning Signs and Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer among Women Attending a Tertiary Hospital
Open Access | Original Article | 01 December 2025 | Article Number: 252005
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a major cause of death from cancer among women globally. It has a pattern of development similar to that of a sexually transmitted disease and is associated with the greater risk from the number of partners and the earlier start of sexual activity. Different incidence patterns exist worldwide due to the establishment of screening programmes in some countries and not in others. Although cervical cancer rates and death rates have generally decreased over time, recent changes in lifestyle and sexual behaviour appear to be leading to an increase in the overall risk of developing cervical cancer. Smoking and the human papilloma virus (HPV) 16/18 are now important contributors to the idea of several factors, progressive cervix uteri carcinogenesis. Thus, screening programs, HPV vaccination, and societal preventative and control measures are advised. Using a cell morphological from observation to molecular analysis, cervical cancer screening techniques have changed over time. Both liquid-based cytology and high-risk HPV genotyping are popular strategies that are commonly recommended and used worldwide. Quick, inexpensive, accurate, and practical techniques will eventually become extra prevalent. By combining big data technology and picture identification, artificial intelligence also shows pledge for the detection of carcinoma of the cervical region. In the meantime, China has achieved considerable progress in the prevention and management of cervical cancer, which could act as a template for other resource-constrained poor countries. In conclusion, even though cervical cancer poses a threat to women's health, it may be the first cancer that humans are able to eradicate with a thorough Preventive and regulating plan. Read more
View PDFEffectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Staff Nurses’ Knowledge of Obstetric Drugs in Maternity Wards
Open Access | Original Article | 19 November 2025 | Article Number: 252004
Abstract
A midwife is described as a skilled and accountable member of the healthcare team who works in collaboration with women to deliver pivotal care, intervention, and support during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period. This care includes the management of healthy pregnancies and identification of potential complications while safeguarding both maternal and neonatal outcomes. Midwives will increasingly be required to have knowledge and apply medications in labor settings, to manipulate labor (uterotropics), augment contractions (uterotonics), or to intervene with preterm labor (tocolytics). An understanding of uterine physiology is important for comprehending how these drugs will function, and what developing practice will be required in the intervention of the medications. Midwives need to have a working understanding of drugs such as oxytocics, ergots, prostaglandins, and the various tocolytic options, providing the most efficacious option for maternal and fetal well-being during labor and delivery. Midwifery errors may be a result of erroneous usage due to distractions, rushing, errors in labeling of medications, miscommunication or fatigue; midwifery requires diligent practice requiring careful attention to ensure that error is prevented. Read more
View PDFAssessment of Knowledge and Prevention of Complications among PCOS
Open Access | Original Article | 17 November 2025 | Article Number: 252003
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common chronic conditions in the world, with significant burdens of potential long-term complications across multiple organ systems. Proper knowledge and preventative practices are essential to reducing complications and increasing the quality of life among females. To assess the level of knowledge and preventative practices of challenges of PCOS in adult females before and after an STP. A quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group, was used to assess 30 adult females in a selected hospital in Jaipur. Data were used to collect demographic variables using a standardized questions survey, and knowledge and preventative practices were collected using a 16-item knowledge and prevention checklist. Adult females’ knowledge average score was 6.8 before the test and post-test, the score was 12.4 after the STP, showing significant improvement in adult female knowledge of PCOS (p<0.001). The relationship between demographic factors and knowledge level revealed positive impacts on knowledge level (education and duration of PCOS). The STP was successful in increasing awareness of PCOS complications and preventative practices amongst PCOS girls. Read more
View PDFAI-Driven Spectrum Intelligence and Energy Optimization Techniques for 6G Networks: A Comprehensive Review
Open Access | Original Article | 14 November 2025 | Article Number: 252002
Abstract
As wireless technology moves toward sixth generation (6G) networks, future wireless communication systems must be intelligent, self-optimizing, and energy-efficient. To address increasing pressure on spectrum, systems will need to integrate AI (artificial intelligence) and ML (machine learning) technologies to facilitate dynamic spectrum access, efficient energy distributions, and max data throughput. This review examines key AI-driven techniques for spectrum intelligence and energy optimization in 6G networks. The applications of spectrum prediction employing deep learning, reinforcement learning for dynamic spectrum allocation of resources, and federated learning approaches that provide distributed decision-making capabilities in heterogeneous wireless environments are highlighted. The roles of intelligent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennae and reconfigurable surfaces as design tools for maximizing the spectral efficiency and energy efficiency of systems is also examined. Recent designs in MIMO operating in sub-6 GHz have been employed as reference points for novel systems. Comparative analyses show that the AI enabled spectrum optimization techniques vastly outperform conventional static allocation in spectral efficiency, latency and energy efficiency. Finally, the review concludes with a discussion on the outstanding research challenges corresponding to trustworthy AI frameworks, sustainable energy frameworks, spectrum sharing etc., which will lead us to towards fully autonomous and energy efficient 6G networks. Read more
View PDFElectric Vehicles: A Sustainable Solution for Urban Transportation
Open Access | Original Article | 03 July 2025 | Article Number: 252001
Abstract
Urban areas face growing challenges from traffic congestion and vehicular emissions. This study investigates the potential of electric vehicles (EVs) as a transformative solution for sustainable urban mobility. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), net present value (NPV) analysis, and traffic simulation via PTV VISSIM, we quantify the environmental, economic, and operational benefits of EVs compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Results show EVs can reduce lifecycle CO2 emissions by a quantified 61% and energy consumption by 58%. Smart grid integration further enhances their potential by enabling off-peak charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) support. Read more
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